Visa Openness in Africa Highlights Gains and Challenges

The Africa Visa Openness Index (AVOI) report, released on Tuesday, November 26th, highlighted significant improvements in visa policies across the continent since 2016. The rankings, based on accessibility for African citizens traveling within Africa, revealed Benin and The Gambia as leaders in visa openness. These countries achieved top scores by eliminating visa requirements for all African nationals. However, countries like Kenya saw a decline in their ranking due to the implementation of the Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA), which critics claim contradicts the principles of a visa-free policy.

From 2016 to 2024, 39 African nations improved their visa policies, fostering intra-continental mobility. Benin, which ranked 31st in 2016, now leads the index. Other notable climbers include Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria, which implemented more inclusive policies. The AVOI attributes these changes to growing regional integration efforts and increased recognition of the economic benefits of easing travel restrictions.

Despite the overall progress, Kenya’s policies drew criticism. Its introduction of the ETA system requires most travelers to apply online for pre-authorization, a process labeled as cumbersome by some observers. While Kenyan officials justified the measure as a security necessity, detractors argue it hinders the nation’s regional mobility ambitions. Kenya fell to 46th in the AVOI rankings despite President William Ruto’s earlier announcement of a visa-free policy.

The report also highlights the humanitarian and economic benefits of visa openness. Increased accessibility has supported trade, tourism, and cultural exchange across Africa. The share of visa-free travel scenarios rose from 20% in 2016 to 28% in 2024, translating to a 40% improvement. Leaders in visa openness, like Rwanda and Seychelles, set an example by allowing seamless entry for African travelers.

Challenges persist as some countries maintain restrictive policies due to security concerns and bureaucratic hurdles. The report calls for a reevaluation of such practices to align with the African Union’s vision for regional integration. Countries adopting systems like the ETA are urged to simplify procedures to enhance accessibility.

The AVOI underscores the importance of a unified approach to mobility. While celebrating progress, it highlights the need for continued reforms to overcome barriers to movement within Africa.